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Standard German phonology
The phonology of Standard German is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language. It deals with current phonology and phonetics as well as with historical developments thereof as well as the geographical variants and the influence of German dialects.
While the spelling of German is officially standardised by an international organisation (the Council for German Orthography) the pronunciation has no official standard and relies on a ''de facto'' standard documented in reference works such as ''Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch'' (German Pronunciation Dictionary) by Eva-Maria Krech et al.,〔Pages 1-2 of the book (''Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch'') discuss "''die Standardaussprache, die Gegenstand dieses Wörterbuches ist''" (the standard pronunciation which is the topic of this dictionary). It also mentions "''Da sich das Deutsche zu einer plurizentrischen Sprache entwickelt hat, bildeten sich jeweils eigene Standardvarietäten (und damit Standardaussprachen)''" (German has developed into a pluricentric language separate standard varieties (and hence standard pronunciations)), but refers to these standards as "''regionale und soziolektale Varianten''" (regional and sociolectal variants).〕 ''Duden 6 Das Aussprachewörterbuch'' (Duden volume 6, The Pronunciation Dictionary) by Max Mangold and the training materials of radio and television stations such as ''Westdeutscher Rundfunk'', ''Deutschlandfunk'', or ''Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen''. This standardised pronunciation was invented, rather than coming from any particular German-speaking city; however, it is closest to the German spoken in Hanover. Standard German is sometimes referred to as ''Bühnendeutsch'' (stage German), but the latter has its own definition and is slightly different.〔Differences include the pronunciation of the endings ''-er'', ''-en'', and ''-em''.〕
==Vowels==
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